Clay minerals are frequently used in adsorption processes with aqueous solution; it was found that the adsorption properties of clays change when the samples are modified. In this context, polyaniline-modified clay nanocomposite (at 10 %) was prepared by in situ polymerization processes. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized material are systematically examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy techniques. The adsorption property of the modified clay was evaluated for the removal of a reactive dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solution at room temperature (25oC) via batch adsorption.

Raman scattering was used to probe the electronic properties and hence derive the distribution of diameters of the Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) in high pressure carbon monoxide sample. Micro-Gravimetric nitrogen and hydrogen adsorption isotherms were measured at 77K and for gas pressures of up to 1 bar nitrogen and 10 bar hydrogen. In this paper we show that the majority of single-walled carbon nanotubes in Hipco sample which are excited by the two laser energies (2.41, 2 eV), are metallic with surface area of 646 m2/g and hydrogen capacity 1.12 wt%.

This research was carried out to study the sorption of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) at surface and sub-surface horizons of ten Palygorskitic soils in eastern Isfahan province. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the selected soils were measured. Sorption characteristics of Pb and Cd were estimated from sorption isotherms using Langmueir, Ferundlich and linear equations. According to the mineralogical results, smectite, mica, palygorskite, chlorite, kaolinite and quartz exist in all of the studied soils. Ferundlich and linear adsorption isotherms and Ferundlich, Langmueir and linear adsorption isotherms were able to describe the lead adsorption and cadmium adsorption, respectively, Ferundlich isotherm showed higher R2 for both of the elements. Parametern in Ferundlich equation for Pb and Cd was in the range of 0.22-1.52 and 1.95-4.61, respectively. Distribution coefficient (KF) for Pb and Cd was in the range of 2679-114815 and 353-1369 Lkg-1, respectively. Maximum sorption of cadmium (b) was in the range of 1250-2000 mgkg-1. The constant related to binding energy (k) was in the range of 0.30-2.50 Lmg-1 for cadmium. In linear model, distribution coefficient (Kd) for Pb and Cd was in the range of 4188-64605 and 33-678 Lkg-1, respectively. In general, lead sorption was higher than cadmium sorption in the soils of the area. Correlation coefficients between sorption isotherms parameters and soil physico-chemical properties showed that calcium carbonate equivalent, organic mater, cation exchange capacity and clay percentage are the most important soil properties for Pb and Cd sorption.

Nanostructured Zr3Co intennetallic getter compound, due to its high surface area, show enhanced pumping properties and gas sorption response in contrast to the bulk, thin film and commercial getters. Nanostructured Zr3Co intennetallic powders were produced by mechanical alloying (MA) ofthe elemental powders. In the production process, the weight ratio of balls to powder was 1:15 and the rotation speed of planetary ball mill considered as 300rpm After 16 hours of milling, amorphous powder white desired compound was obtained. The phase evolution, microstructural characteristics and formation mechanism of Zr3Co powders during mechanical alloying were studied by means of X- ray diffraction method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that after an optimum mechanical alloying time and optimum heat treatment, nanostructured Zr3Co intennetallic powder was achieved. The crystallite grains with sizes of 10 to 20 nm, was achieved respectively. It was found that Zr3Co intennetallic compound is formed by the diffusion of Cobalt into Zirconium during mechanical alloying. In the second stage, after an optimum heat treatment, formation and growth of ZrjCo intennetallic compound are controlled by interdiffusion of Co and Zr.

Heavy metal ions received special attention as the most hazardous contaminants of water sources. In this study, a novel polymeric adsorbent based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), Acrylic Acid (AA), and 1, 4-butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA) was successfully synthesized and its e ciency for removing the selected heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) was investigated. The role of signi cant parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, metal ions concentration, and temperature in removing harmful metal ions were logically studied. The results of the present study showed that there is a direct relation between the parameters such as the amount of pH, the contact time, the polymer adsorbent dosage, and the adsorption of metal ions. This is while the increase of the metal ion concentrations had no signi cant e ect on the adsorption of metal ions which were  xed up to 15 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm process for the new polymeric adsorbent was studied by using selected models, also the maximum values of the adsorption capacities of the introduced adsorbent for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions were determined. The adsorption /desorption cycles of synthesized polymer adsorbent were repeated 15 times. By modeling the adsorption data, the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. The results of the intra-particle di usion studies showed that the adsorption of heavy metal ions might fallow the external di usion mechanism.

adsorption was investigated in this study. Edible oil, n-hexane, and dichloromethane were chosen as oil contaminants. Moreover, FTIR analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope analysis, specific surface measurement (BET), zeta potential, and static contact angle analyses were used to investigate the effect of activation and CTAB modification on the morphological characteristics, phase structure, surface chemical composition, and wetting behavior of the prepared samples. The results showed that the sample prepared by alkaline-acid activation of vermiculite with potassium hydroxide (1.5 M) and sulfuric acid (0.5 M) and modified with CTAB (0.5 mM) exhibited the highest specific surface area and hydrophobic properties with a 145.6° water contact angle. In addition, the adsorption capacity of edible oils, normal hexane, and dichloromethane increased by 108.6%, 52.5%, and 104.8 % respectively, compared to the raw sample.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

This study investigates phosphate removal from aqueous solution by synthetic mordenite and modified clinoptilolite zeolite. The mordenite zeolite was synthesized using the solvothermal method, and natural clinoptilolite zeolite was modified by ultrasound energy and manganese dioxide. The adsorbents were characterized by utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method. This study investigated the adsorption behavior of the two adsorbents, including the influence of solid/liquid ratio, contact time, initial concertation, and modification of the adsorption process, adsorption kinetics, and isotherms. The maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of the modified synthetic mordenite and the modified clinoptilolite are 23. 06 and 17. 9 mg. g-1, respectively, which is higher than the values reported in other studies. The present study shows that the amount of adsorption of modified synthetic mordenite for phosphate removal is higher than the modified clinoptilolite zeolite. The kinetics study shows that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation better describes the adsorbents' adsorption behavior. The isotherms study suggests that the adsorption process of synthetic mordenite and modified clinoptilolite zeolite follow the Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively.

Phosphorus availability in soils is controlled by sorption/desorption reactions. These reactions are also affected by the physical and chemical properties of the soil. In this research, effects of organic carbon, active calcium carbonate and clay on the phosphorus sorption behavior of calcareous soils were studied along Negar-Lalezar and Baft Orzouyeh transects in Kerman Province, Iran. The phosphorus sorption in soil was determined using batch experiment and Langmuir, Freundlich and Van Hay isotherms. The results showed that, based on the coefficient of determination (0. 978) and standard error of estimate (0. 027), Langmuir model fitted well with experimental data. Maximum sorption of phosphorus (qmax) and maximum buffering capacity of P increased when the active calcium carbonate increased. Results showed that qmax increased from 655 to 1025 mg. kg-1, and the maximum buffering capacity of P increased from 114 to 243 L. kg-1 when calcium carbonate increased from 7. 68% to 18. 25%. However, qmax decreased from 701 to 535 mg. kg-1 and maximum buffering capacity of P decreased from 90 to 44 L. kg-1 with increasing organic carbon in the studied soils (from1. 74% to 7. 8%). Using the equation of Van Hay, the required standard phosphorus calculated at a concentration of 0. 3 mg P. L-1 showed a significantly positive correlation with clay (r = 0. 80**) and active calcium carbonate (r = 0. 77**) contents, but significantly negative correlations with organic carbon (r =-0. 63*) and available phosphorus (r =-0. 61*). The maximum buffering capacity and the required standard phosphorus were found in the soils of Orzouyeh and Negar regions due to their highest percentage of active calcium carbonate and clay. However, in the soils of Lalezar and Baft regions, due to the presence of more organic carbon and less active calcium carbonate, the lowest standard phosphorus requirement was obtained. It could be concluded that phosphorus sorption in soils is influenced by soil properties such as clay, active calcium carbonate, and organic carbon contents.

In this research, the adsorption of nickel ions in the batch system by orange peel carbon has been investigated and the effect of factors such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of nickel in solution, adsorbent amount, and the temperature has been considered. The surface details and functional groups were investigated by SEM and FTIR analyzes, respectively. In the study of the effect of pH, the highest percentage of nickel uptake for orange peel carbon occurred at pH = 6, which is equivalent to 58 mg/g. With increasing the contact time between the adsorbent and the solution and after 210 minutes, the adsorption percentage increased to 98.57%. In the study of the effect of the initial concentration of nickel in the range of 20 to  150 mg/L, the results showed that with increasing concentration, the percentage of adsorption decreased from 98% to 96%, and with increasing the amount of adsorbent from 0.01 to 0.1 g per 25 ml. Nickel solution, the adsorption percentage increased from 90% to 98%. The effect of temperature showed that with increasing the temperature from 25 to 45°C, the percentage of adsorption decreased from 99% to 97.8%. Thermodynamic properties were studied at three temperatures of 25, 35, and 45°C. The negative free energy value of the standard Gibbs (∆ Go) which is equivalent to -121.3 kJ / mol, indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous and physical. In the kinetic study of the contact time effect, it was observed that the results fit well with the second-order kinetic model with a correlation coefficient of 99%. In investigating the effect of the initial concentration of nickel in solution and fitting experimental data with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubin Radushkovich isotherms, and according to the values ​​obtained at R2, Freundlich's isotherm had the highest compatibility with 100% correlation coefficient.